Production, Exchange and Livelihoods
Production, Exchange and Livelihoods
Resources and Their Conservation
| Type of Resource | Examples | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Natural | Soil, water, coal, forests | Food, energy, shelter |
| Human | Teachers, farmers, doctors | Services and skills |
| Human-made | Roads, buildings, machines | Transport, production |
• Natural resources take thousands of years to form.
• Overuse today means shortage tomorrow.
• Renewable: Sun, wind, water
• Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum
• Overuse today means shortage tomorrow.
• Renewable: Sun, wind, water
• Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum
Always link conservation with daily life examples like saving water, electricity and reducing plastic.
Human Resources
| Aspect | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Population | Total number of people in an area |
| Density | People living per square kilometre |
| Human Resource | People with skills, health and education |
People become useful resources when they are educated, healthy and skilled.
Population is not a burden if resources are planned properly with education and jobs.
Agriculture and Crops
| Type of Farming | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Subsistence | Farming for family use |
| Commercial | Farming for selling |
| Plantation | Large scale farming like tea, coffee |
| Shifting (Podu) | Moving cultivation after using land |
• Food crops: Rice, Wheat, Millets
• Cash crops: Cotton, Sugarcane, Tea
• Green Revolution increased food production using HYV seeds.
• Cash crops: Cotton, Sugarcane, Tea
• Green Revolution increased food production using HYV seeds.
Explain modern farming with tools, irrigation and fertilizers for clear understanding.
Industries
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Cottage | Handloom, pottery |
| Small-scale | Bakery, tailoring |
| Large-scale | Steel plant, car factory |
Industries provide jobs but also cause pollution if not controlled properly.
Always link industries with environment: smoke, waste, noise – and control measures.
Public Facilities and Government Role
| Facility | Why Important |
|---|---|
| Schools | Education for children |
| Hospitals | Health care |
| Water supply | Drinking and daily use |
| Roads | Easy transport |
Public facilities are basic needs. Government must provide them to all citizens.
Link public facilities with Right to Life for exam answers.
Markets and Consumer Awareness
| Type of Market | Example |
|---|---|
| Weekly | Village shandi |
| Neighbourhood shop | Kirna store |
| Mall | Large shopping complex |
Consumer rights: Safety, Information, Choice, Redressal.
Smart consumer checks quality mark, expiry date and bill.
Transport and Trade
| Transport Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Road | Buses, cars |
| Rail | Trains |
| Water | Ships, boats |
| Air | Aeroplane |
Trade means buying and selling goods inside and outside the country.
Exports = sending goods outside. Imports = bringing goods inside.
Money, Credit and Globalization
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Money | Medium of exchange |
| Credit | Money borrowed from bank or others |
| Globalization | Connecting world economies |
Banks provide credit. Globalization connects countries through trade.
Give examples like foreign mobiles, clothes and food items.
Development and Livelihoods
| Person | Livelihood |
|---|---|
| Farmer | Farming |
| Factory worker | Industry |
| Teacher | Education |
Development is not only money. It includes education, health and respect.
Different people have different needs for development.